X-Ray Radiation And Safety

X-ray Radiation Warning Symbol

Our analytical XRD instrument utilises X-ray radiation to investigate the structure of crystallised biomolecular assemblies through X-ray diffraction (XRD).

X-ray radiation is a type of ionising radiation that can be potentially very dangerous. Although the X-ray radiation produced by our generator typically can penetrate the body only to a depth of 2-4 cm, it still poses significant risks. Direct exposure to the X-ray beam can cause radiation damage and burns to the skin and underlying tissues, and in severe cases, may necessitate skin grafts or even amputation. Exposure to the eyes can result in permanent cataracts and vision loss.

To stay safe, it is essential to follow all safety protocols meticulously. Remember, safety is as simple as ABC—Always Be Careful!

When operated with care and in adherence to all safety precautions, our XRD machines are safe to use.

The list below provides some essential safety pointers. However, it is not exhaustive, and users will learn more in the mandatory training sessions that must be completed before using the X-ray facility.

Image illustrating ABC rule: Always Be Careful
  • Only trained personnel are permitted to operate our analytical XRD units.
  • Follow all safety protocols at all times—no shortcuts.
  • Be aware of the beam path at all times.
  • Never place any part of your body in the direct beam path, even if the shutter is closed.
  • Ensure all exposures are complete and the shutter is closed before entering the X-ray enclosure.
  • Always check that the red shutter light is off before mounting or dismounting your crystals. Keep an eye on the indicator light when near the direct beam: the red light indicates the shutter is open, and it will turn off when the shutter is closed.
  • Never bypass the safety interlocks for any reason.
  • Close and lock the enclosure doors before starting any exposures.
  • Do not use the door interlocks to close the shutter unless it is an emergency. Always close the shutter using the computer control outside the enclosure.
  • Never make alterations to the XRD instruments.
  • Always wear your dosimeter body badge when entering the X-ray enclosure.
  • Always wear safety glasses, long trousers, and closed-toe shoes in the X-ray lab, especially when handling liquid nitrogen during crystal freezing and mounting.
  • If in doubt, shut down the X-ray generator and contact the facility director, Dr Annette Erbse, or EH&S. Dr Erbse's mobile and home phone numbers are displayed throughout the X-ray facility, including on the safety enclosures of the XRD instruments and on the emergency contact cards at the doors to the X-ray lab. She is happy for you to call, even late at night, if you are ever uncertain about the safety of your experiment.

"I would rather lose a little sleep preventing an accident than a lot of sleep over the consequences of one!" — Annette Erbse

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Required Training

  • All users must complete the online ""Ìýbefore they can enter the X-ray facility to receive training from Dr.Erbse.
  • All users must complete the online ""Ìý before they can use the X-ray facility.
  • Before using any of the instruments independently, all users are required to receive hands-on training from the facility director, Dr Erbse. This in-person training involves one or more sessions as needed. Training will be conducted using lysozyme crystals and, if possible, the user's own samples. This training is absolutely essential for operating the X-ray generators safely.

Additional Safety Related Resources

Please follow the links below for additional safety related information:

  • by the Office of Environmental Health & SafetyÌý at the University of Colorado at Boulder

If You Need Help at Any Time:

If you have any questions or concerns you can contact:

  • Dr. Annette Erbse; Director, Biomolecular X-Ray Crystallography Core

ÌýÌý303 492 0528 Ìý Ìý Ìý Ìý Ìý ÌýÌýÌý erbse@colorado.eduÌý Ìý Ìý Ìý ÌýÌýÌý JSCBB, room C316

If you have questions about safety while running the X-ray generator do not hesitate to contact Dr. Erbse at any time via her private cell or home phone number posted in several locations in the X-ray lab including at the X-ray generator enclosures and on the emergency contact card on both doors to the X-ray facility.

  • Environmental Health And Safety AgencyÌý CU Boulder

EH&S Health Physics (Campus Hours): (303) 492-6523
Environmental Health & Safety (Campus Hours): (303) 492-6025
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In the event of an emergency:

  • UCB Police Dispatch (After Campus Hours): 911 or (303) 492-6666
  • EH&S Health Physics (Campus Hours): (303) 492-6523
  • Environmental Health & Safety (Campus Hours): (303) 492-6025
  • Dr. Annette Erbse via private cell or home phone number posted in several locations in the X-ray lab including at the X-ray generator enclosures and on the emergency contact card on both doors to the X-ray facility.

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